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Methodology can be defined as "the principles of organized investigation." It deals primarily with the question how to arrive at substantive knowledge about the subject under investigation. It is an indispensable tool for scientific work without which the quality of the acquired knowledge would be at the best haphazardous and at worst erroneous.

It is no secret to us history instructors that for some years now there has been a growing sense of uneasiness in our discipline on the part of pupils and students and of helplessness on the part of teachers. Pupils and students repeatedly ask what, after all, is history good for, whether what they are learning is really relevant to their lives, and whether the study of history should not be more than memorizing sterile facts for the purpose of getting grades. Paradoxically, teachers can discern a continuing and in fact ever increasing interest in history. At the same time, we cannot help but notice that the mode of questioning by the younger generation has become different as have the problems that have come with social change.

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Treatises and Documents, Journal of Ethnic Studies and the definitive published version is available at http://www.inv.si/Dokumenti/dokumenti.aspx?iddoc=115&idmenu1=181&lang=eng ; The article, a revised version of a lecture given at the Institute for Ethnic Studies in Ljubljana, discusses the domestic and international dimensions of minority politics in post-Nazi Carinthia. Based on archival research in Britain, Austria and Slovenia (Yugoslavia) it argues that despite Austria's transition from National Socialist rule to post-war democracy there was evidence of a basic continuity in the stigmatisation (and self-stigmatisation) of the Slovene minority. This continuity largely explains why Carinthian politics moved in an increasingly anti-Slovene direction in the 1950s, leading in 1958 to the demolition of the bilingual school system which had been introduced in 1945. The international dimension, Yugoslavia's territorial claim, the policies of the West and the Cold War are also discussed but the article argues that they were secondary to the dynamics of provincial politics.

A study of how cultural consciousness, including feelings of nationalism, are linked to the choice of Slovene & German languages in southern Carinthia, Austria, based on an examination of a variety of situations where different kinds of linguistic behavior occurred, distinguishing first between automatic & deliberate choice of language preference & secondly between political & nonpolitical motives. Frequent switches from one language to another in the same situation are described. Numerous situations are depicted in which the use of Slovene, dialectical Slovene, or German are variously used, motivated at times by political & at times by ethnic factors. A close relationship between "Sloveneness" & religion seems apparent, but a practical aspect may also exist. The ethnic consciousness of the individual Slovene is based on two closely bound foundations: the home & the church. Where both foundations are present, they reinforce each other. Where one is weak or nonexistent, the other is threatened. Most language choices in Carinthia, however, are clearly determined by political considerations. A few are not, particularly when religion is involved. The relevance of analysis of linguistic usage to the understanding of sociopolitical behavior is noted. 1 Figure. P. Grootman

The Encyclopaedia of Slovenian cultural history in Carinthia (Austria) is conceaved as a pluridisciplinary and intercultural reference work with over 160 authors, some 1000 entries and in total over 2100 conceptual entries covering areas such as history, legal history, sociology, linguistics, dialectology, literature, ethnology, art history, biographic studies, terminology. It provides a cross-linked understanding of the geographical area as well as of the cultural and societal processes in the region from an innovative perspective. - Eine pluridisziplinäre und interkulturell konzipierte Enzyklopädie der regionalen Kulturgeschichte der Kärntner Slowenen in Österreich mit Beiträgen von über 160 Autoren unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen und ca. 1000 Schlagwörtern und insgesamt über 2100 konzeptuellen Einträgen aus den Bereichen Geschichte, Rechtsgeschichte, Soziologie, Sprachwissenschaft, Dialektologie, Literaturgeschichte, Ethnologie, Kunstgeschichte, Biographien, Terminologie u.a.m., das ein vernetztes Verständnis der geographischen und kulturhistorischen Räume und gesellschaftlichen Prozesse im Land aus einer innovativen Perspektive ermöglicht

The Encyclopaedia of Slovenian cultural history in Carinthia (Austria) is conceaved as a pluridisciplinary and intercultural reference work with over 160 authors, some 1000 entries and in total over 2100 conceptual entries covering areas such as history, legal history, sociology, linguistics, dialectology, literature, ethnology, art history, biographic studies, terminology. It provides a cross-linked understanding of the geographical area as well as of the cultural and societal processes in the region from an innovative perspective. - Eine pluridisziplinäre und interkulturell konzipierte Enzyklopädie der regionalen Kulturgeschichte der Kärntner Slowenen in Österreich mit Beiträgen von über 160 Autoren unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen und ca. 1000 Schlagwörtern und insgesamt über 2100 konzeptuellen Einträgen aus den Bereichen Geschichte, Rechtsgeschichte, Soziologie, Sprachwissenschaft, Dialektologie, Literaturgeschichte, Ethnologie, Kunstgeschichte, Biographien, Terminologie u.a.m., das ein vernetztes Verständnis der geographischen und kulturhistorischen Räume und gesellschaftlichen Prozesse im Land aus einer innovativen Perspektive ermöglicht

The Encyclopaedia of Slovenian cultural history in Carinthia (Austria) is conceaved as a pluridisciplinary and intercultural reference work with over 160 authors, some 1000 entries and in total over 2100 conceptual entries covering areas such as history, legal history, sociology, linguistics, dialectology, literature, ethnology, art history, biographic studies, terminology. It provides a cross-linked understanding of the geographical area as well as of the cultural and societal processes in the region from an innovative perspective. - Eine pluridisziplinäre und interkulturell konzipierte Enzyklopädie der regionalen Kulturgeschichte der Kärntner Slowenen in Österreich mit Beiträgen von über 160 Autoren unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen und ca. 1000 Schlagwörtern und insgesamt über 2100 konzeptuellen Einträgen aus den Bereichen Geschichte, Rechtsgeschichte, Soziologie, Sprachwissenschaft, Dialektologie, Literaturgeschichte, Ethnologie, Kunstgeschichte, Biographien, Terminologie u.a.m., das ein vernetztes Verständnis der geographischen und kulturhistorischen Räume und gesellschaftlichen Prozesse im Land aus einer innovativen Perspektive ermöglicht

This paper explores the linguistic landscape (LL) in the southern Austrian province of Carinthia, which is home to an autochthonous Slovene minority. Following several decades of political and legal debate known as the Ortstafelstreit ('dispute of topographic signs'), recent legislation has strengthened the status of Slovene by requiring municipalities with a considerable Slovene population to set up bilingual German-Slovene topographic signs marking their municipal boundaries. However, this is juxtaposed with a longstanding decline in use of the Slovene language amongst the autochthonous Slovene population. This qualitative analysis of the LL of three frames, the civic, the commercial, and the church, shows a heterogeneous picture, but one that is generally strongly skewed towards monolingual German. It suggests that Slovene is assigned a comparatively low sociosymbolic value. This can, at least in part, attributed to the selective manner in which municipalities are awarded legal bilingual status, leading to a lack of linguistic cohesion in the area and its LL. A marked exception to this is the church frame, whose linguistic landscape is characterised by a relatively balanced use of both German and Slovene.

This paper deals with the visibility of the autochthonous Slovene minority in Carinthia as one of the crucial factors contributing towards maintaining its identity in the territory of its traditional settlement. The paper focuses on the language of a subset of public signs, i.e., topographical signs, erected by the regional government; a controversial issue that has been exploited for political reasons. In order to elucidate the motivations for this controversy the legal framework concerning national minorities, Article 7 of the Austrian State Treaty being central to it, is examined. Further, the resulting solution of the topographical signs dispute is examined in the light of other areas concerning minority rights as reported in Opinions and Reports under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCPNM). Following on, section 2 provides a brief historical background, section 3 presents the findings of FCPNM reports concerning the implementation of bilingual topographical signs, as well as comparing the trends with minority demography and minority policies regarding media and education. Section 4 discusses the issues from section 3, leading to the conclusion in section 5, that the chronic passivity of central authorities regarding obligations based on international treaties, combined with active anti-minority policies supported by the local German-speaking majority, lead to accelerating language and identity shift and thus assimilation of the Slovene minority.要旨本稿ではオーストリア・カリンシア州に固有のスロヴェニア少数民族の存在がどのように目に見える形で現れているかについて論じる。この少数民族の可視性はその居住地域で少数民族のアイデンティティを維持するために、欠かせない要因の一つである。本論考では、カリンシア州政府に政治的に利用されようとした道路標識の一つ、市町村の入り口に立って地名をあらわす標識を巡る論争、およびその背景に焦点を当てる。論争を理解するためにはまず、オーストリア国家条約、その中では特にスロヴェニア系などの少数民族保護に触れる第 7 条に注目する。続いて、地名の標識を巡る論争の解決としてできた結果である二言語併用の標識を、「少数民族保護のための枠組み協定」 の報告書を基に、オーストリアにおける少数民族保護という文脈で検討する。本稿の第 2 節ではまず歴史的背景を短く紹介してから、第 3 節で、二言語併用の交通標識の設置を巡る FCPNM の報告を検討し、第 4 節では第 3 節で明らかにされた諸事実を考察する。第 5 節で、国際条約や協定から生じる義務に対する、オーストリア中央政府の慢性化した消極的態度と、カリンシア州のドイツ語話者の多数が指示する反少数民族的政策が組み合わさったことにより、スロヴェニア系少数民族において、多数派民族の言語の受容、及びアイデンティティの転換が加速化し、同化が進んでいるという結論に至る。

Demografische und sozioökonomische Entwicklungen, z.B. sinkende Geburtenzahlen, wechselnde Identifikationen durch Intermarriage sowie Migrationsprozesse, bedrohen den Fortbestand kleiner autochthoner Sprachgruppen wie die der Sloweninnen und Slowenen in Südkärnten (Österreich). Individualisierungs- und Globalisierungsprozesse zwingen junge Menschen zusätzlich, ihre (ethnischen) Identifikationen zu überdenken. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird anhand von drei biografischen Fallrekonstruktionen gezeigt, welche Rolle das ethnische Selbstverständnis in Lebenswelten und Selbstdarstellungen von jungen Sloweninnen und Slowenen im zweisprachigen Südkärnten einnehmen kann. Die Beispiele zeigen anschaulich, dass sich jene jungen Menschen, die in slowenischen und/oder zweisprachigen Schulen, Familien sowie kulturellen Organisationen verwurzelt sind, nach wie vor stark mit der ethnischen Herkunft identifizieren. Hingegen gibt es bei Intermarriage (Ehen oder Partnerschaften zwischen Personen unterschiedlicher ethnischer Zugehörigkeit) sowie dem Leben im deutschsprachigen Umfeld deutliche Brüche, die sich in Ambivalenzen, Distanzierungen und Loyalitätskonflikten manifestieren.

"Let everybody live in his country, at his home, as he would like to live: the Germans in their German way, the Italians in the Italian and the Hungarians in the Hungarian," maintained, in March 1848, the Slovene priest from Klagenfurt (Carinthia) Matija Majar, "And we the Slavs also demand, firmly and with all our strength, that they let us live at home in our own way: the Slovenes in the Slovene one…"